Hillary for Americas disinformation efforts consisted of two main components: (1) creating and disseminating the so-called Steele Dossier that falsely alleged, inter alia, the existence of an extensive conspiracy between the Trump campaign and the Kremlin;REF and (2) concocting false allegations regarding a secret computer communications link between the Trump organization and Alfa-Bank, Russias largest private commercial bank. H|n@)@EjTKiL%lkVC93y For instance, Danchenko allegedly told the FBI that none of his conversations with Charles Dolan (infra.) Publication date 1912 . V:I LORD DURHAM'S REPORT, 1839 Lord Durham spent only five months in the Canadas and less than two weeks in Upper Canada. Other key witnesses, such as Rodney Joffe, have asserted their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination to avoid providing information to Durham and his investigators. tfzN+j))).P"L rU*5qp\j+K^!he _ "Z;sg?2\$vnW45$G'uo51H.Y "*gh&8^Wg~s?RXvY3 ;pk+s h 0tvgS`cX>w%L)O Tr31L+%'0|3!Yc?tc.|1TeGw r2Pf)+j|s{p M4wHy:oOxu5 9c$V. 6/7 - Durham Tech Installs Fifth President J.B. Buxton [9] Those suggestions would be put into place decades later, during the Confederation of Canada. Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America abridged to highlight constitutional defects and recommendations with context REPORT TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY YOUR MAJESTY, in entrusting me with the Government of the Province of Lower Canada, during the critical period of the suspension of its constitution, was . According to the Durham investigation, with the active participation of Michael Sussmann of Perkins Coie, a group of computer researchers cooked up phony Internet server data in an attempt to create an inference of secret communications and create a narrative regarding Trump.REF, April Tea Leaves Lorenzen. 8~IHu8&'_ 0c _*@nHJgj(fY|\[b\88( R|0)c $_q2un3-W7hr.W7qt}yaH ", New, Chester. The requested documents will be made available to the general public, and this request is not being made for commercial purposes. 0000008520 00000 n Official websites use .gov 0000090558 00000 n When interviewed by the FBI in 2017, Danchenko said that when he related the Ritz-Carlton allegations to Steele, he (Danchenko) characterized Trumps alleged activityas rumor and speculation.REF Danchenko further characterized the salacious information as statements made in jest.REF Regardless, Steele reported the allegations in his dossier.REF, Dolan also appears to be Danchenkos sole source in a report relating to Trumps former campaign manager, Paul Manafort. Foer expressed great interest in the story, e-mailing Fritsch: My editors are very excited about this piece. Subject: Freedom of Information Act Request: Durham Report Executive Summary. It was also pointed out that an uprising had occurred in Upper Canada where there was only one "race". Analysis of Durham County Council's data 7 4. To better enhance this relationship, we are providing clarification and information on our Use of Force policy. Much remains to be uncovered, exposed, and proven by Durham. 950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW endstream endobj 72 0 obj <>stream %PDF-1.3 % The full story of Hillary for Americas 2016 disinformation campaign against Donald Trump may only come to light if and when federal prosecutor John Durham releases a final report at the conclusion of his investigationand the full truth may never be known. Durham's famous Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839) led to a series of reforms and changes. hbbd``b`: $@Dp,. In August 2016, Manos queried the Neustar Internet data for the Trump organization domain name (mail1.trump-email.com) and determined that none of the domains that had communicated with it had links to Russia. Durham report full text. Special Counsels Office 6xts~zAMGXwtTf. H|n@yL/_vWr'j+5R%{S]}8,73guzk!rp/[8P!* JqS!y| 7Aqma?%RI_%P4.|Zz7,(F"Ssf(1A>[g=BN\yqix2BM.d$V+d(#\=B }YBbB2~WNoUb#f}. :5O\" ARVER3Dil4@{:F=C,H)X;LS'Pk&mJtNOFw_W:U3!Q#J 2h0"'}_hD2 \ [15] Lord Durham had not recommended this approach and had instead proposed that the representation should be based on the respective populations of the two regions. Durham CAN's Strategy Team met 2021, like many of CAN's institutions, by continuing to adapt in the face of the pandemic while simultaneously "dis-organizing and re-organizing" CAN for a new season of leadership. According to documents filed by Durhams team and other published reports, which serve as the basis for the factual assertions in this Legal Memorandum, the effort was funded, approved, and briefed to the highest level of the Clinton campaign. Durham brought along a small but highly talented staff, most notably including Charles Buller and Edward Gibbon Wakefield. Without effecting the change so rapidly or so roughly as to shock the feelings and trample on the welfare of the existing generation, it must henceforth be the first and steady purpose of the British Government to establish an English population, with English laws and language, in this Province, and to trust its government to none but a decidedly English Legislature. The newly created Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada was required to have equal representation from Canada East and Canada West,[14] even though the population of Canada East was considerably larger. Durham may be investigating whether and to what extent then-candidate Hillary Clinton had knowledge of the disinformation campaign. 0000017608 00000 n In exile in France, Louis-Joseph Papineau published the Histoire de la rsistance du Canada au gouvernement anglais (History of the resistance of Canada to the English government) in the French La Revue du Progrs in May 1839. Archive Center. \_2qiWo|K{mBh : The Regional Municipality of Durham . 4878-2020 Statement of Expenditures, April 1, 2022 - September 30, 2022 He produced his famous and highly controversial Report on the Affairs of British North America (also known as the Durham Report) after a short stay in the region. [16] The British government rejected that recommendation and instead implemented equal representation, apparently to give the English-speaking population of the new province a dominant voice in the provincial government, furthering the goal of assimilating the French-speaking population. Q The report of Durham was laid before Parliament in London on 11 February 1839. Since the Court has an independent interest in investigating potential conflicts, see Wheat, 486 U.S. at 161, the Court retains "substantial latitude in refusing waivers of conflicts of Michael Sussmann resigned from Perkins Coie on the day he was indicted.REF His trial before the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia commenced on May 16, 2022, and he was found not guilty on May 31. The caller should first state they are on Duke Campus and then state the building name. 0000004612 00000 n Statement of Expenditures, April 1, 2022 - September 30, 2022, Statement of Expenditures, October 1, 2021 - March 31, 2022, Statement of Expenditures, April 1, 2021 - September 30, 2021, Statement of Expenditures, October 19, 2020 - March 31, 2021, Department of Justice It moved Canada slowly on the path to "responsible government" (that is, self-government), which took a decade. ", Anna Plassart, and Hugo Bonin, "Democratic struggle or national uprising? 0000006388 00000 n The Report on the Affairs of British North America,[1] (1839) commonly known as the Durham Report or Lord Durham's Report, is an important document in the history of Quebec, Ontario, Canada and the British Empire. 0000017586 00000 n Both Canadas were in a state of distress. Durham, appointed by then-Attorney General William Barr to lead a review into the Russia investigation, made the claim in his investigation that brought charges against an FBI attorney and former Clinton campaign lawyer Michael Sussman, who is currently charged with making a false statement to a federal agent. @ ^Lk 0000009819 00000 n Lord Durham was sent back to Canada in 1838 by British Parliament and the Crown to investigate the cause behind the rebellions of both Upper and Lower Canada and propose suggestions to fix any remaining problems and lessen the chance of future rebellions. Galkina was (perhaps unknowingly)REF a source who provided a great deal of information to Danchenko that was ultimately reported in the Steele Dossier. Unravelling all of the major and minor players in Hillary for Americas disinformation campaign is daunting. Justice.gov Special Counsel John Durham's Office Special Counsel John Durham About On October 19, 2020, John Durham was appointed by Attorney General William Barr to serve as the Special Counsel by the order below. 0000003227 00000 n DAISY download. Vjsc27v4gO* yZt3?U{ 'K@ 6 Please do not reply to this e-mail, as this account is not monitored. TTY/ASCII/TDD: 800-877-8339. The United States of America, by and through its attorney, Special Counsel John H. Durham . In late July 2016, U.S. intelligence agencies discovered that Russian intelligence had assessed that Clinton had approved a disinformation operation against Trump. %PDF-1.6 % His report contains the famous assessment that Lower Canada had "two nations warring within the bosom of a single state. HtUM0WpVu=q_U+J\J'qlK7o^ ,xpM!f,?MP8hc=W bQ3j]z9E3W*TO9BairKA :"F8=u~ZxAR*yt'ut>W (i26N/w26z?pd%`ZM$Nt}u *BP)A[ykB&s7C7;OlCZ9CL}m#un\n!KRr=8e^72("QeNd76F!)`6aH+C@^(=K`W%? ", Cameron, David R. "Lord Durham Then and Now. @$F0 b`5 B D( 6= q27@ &^ # Indeed, after conducting a 22-month investigation, Special Counsel Robert Mueller stated that the investigation did not establish that members of the Trump Campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities.REF, Igor Danchenko. In 2016, Danchenko was a salaried employee of Orbis Business Intelligence, and was the primary source of information that formed the core of the allegations found in the Steele Dossier.REF Danchenko was interviewed on multiple occasions by the FBI in 2017 and allegedly told multiple lies during those interviews. trailer << /Size 734 /Info 678 0 R /Root 682 0 R /Prev 221973 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 682 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 680 0 R /Metadata 679 0 R /Outlines 54 0 R /OpenAction [ 684 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /PageLabels 677 0 R /StructTreeRoot 683 0 R /PieceInfo << /MarkedPDF << /LastModified (D:20030107235741)>> >> /LastModified (D:20030107235741) /MarkInfo << /Marked true /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> endobj 683 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 106 0 R /ClassMap 109 0 R /K 472 0 R /ParentTree 647 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 21 >> endobj 732 0 obj << /S 360 /O 533 /L 549 /C 565 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 733 0 R >> stream Zack Smith. Pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act, I hereby request the following records: A copy of the Durham's Report Executive Summary that was provided to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) by letter dated May 07, 2018 from the Office of the Assistant Attorney General and enclosed as a copy to this request. 4 0 obj The full story may never be known. 2 provocativelyand misleadingly1describes for the first time Domain Name System ("DNS") traffic potentially associated with former Presid ent Donald Trump, including data at the Executive Office of the President ("EOP"), that was alle gedly presented to Agency-2 in February 2017. Durhams investigation has revealed that senior members of Hillary for Americacampaign manager Robbie Mook, communications director Jennifer Palmieri, and foreign policy advisor Jake Sullivan (who currently serves as President Joe Bidens National Security Advisor)were briefed on aspects of the disinformation scheme aimed at discrediting then-candidate Trump.REF Hillary for America, as well as the Democratic National Committee (DNC), spent more than $1 million to fund the disinformation campaign, then used the fruits of that campaign to calumniate candidate Trump. That, of course, didn't happen. I wanted to follow up on the following Freedom of Information Act request, copied below, and originally submitted on July 1, 2021. 0000128152 00000 n Trump had hoped that Durham would deliver a report before the 2020 election that could help Trump's campaign. Indictments filed by Durham show that the Steele Dossier and Alfa-Bank allegations of a conspiracy between Trump and the Kremlin were entirely concocted. Want the latest investigative and FOIA news? David Mills, Richard Foot, and Andrew McIntosh, Carol Wilton, "'A Firebrand amongst the People': The Durham Meetings and Popular Politics in Upper Canada. <> You had assigned it reference number #FOIA-2021-01633. Search the Archives. For the report on the FBI's investigation into links between Donald Trump and Russia, see. 0000001907 00000 n As reported in the Wall Street Journal, in 2016, Galkina was a press secretary to Aleksej Gubarev, a Russian Internet entrepreneur living in Cyprus.REF In early 2016, Galkina travelled to Washington, D.C., in an effort to develop a marketing campaign for Servers.com, one of Gubarevs business interests. The Report on the Affairs of British North America,[1] (1839) commonly known as the Durham Report or Lord Durham's Report, is an important document in the history of Quebec, Ontario, Canada and the British Empire. Its major recommendation, responsible government, originated with the Baldwins and other moderate reformers rather than with . Washington, D.C. 20530, Russian National Indicted for Making False Statements to the FBI, November 4, 2021, Grand Jury Indicts D.C. Attorney with Making False Statements to the FBI in 2016 Regarding Alleged Communications Between Trump Organization and Russian Bank, September 16, 2021, U.S. Department of Justice On May 13, 2019, directed John Durham , U.S. Attorney for the District ofConnecticut, to investigate certain intelligence and law -enforcement activities surrounding the 2016 presidential election. Danchenko claims that in July 2016, he received a phone call from an anonymous caller he believed to be Millian, even though he had never met him and never heard his voice.REF Danchenko claimed that he and the mysterious caller spoke for 1015 minutes, during which time they discussed Paul Manafort, Carter Page, communications between the Trump campaign and Russian officials, and information to the effect that the Kremlin might be of help to get Trump elected.REF Danchenko further claimed that he and the anonymous caller agreed to meet in New York City in the future. @\aJ '.a}29[s&33C[0/txlvJ{/ u3 endstream endobj 700 0 obj 526 endobj 701 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 700 0 R >> stream Millian was essentially Igor Danchenkos deep throat sourcealthough in this instance, the source was entirely fabricated, according to Durhams indictment of Danchenko. Marc Elias was a partner at the Perkins Coie law firm and the lead attorney for Hillary for America at the firm. An official website of the United States government. That has been irrevocably done and the experiment of depriving the people of their present constitutional power is not to be thought of."[8]. endstream endobj 69 0 obj <>/Metadata 9 0 R/Pages 65 0 R/StructTreeRoot 18 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 70 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 71 0 obj <>stream The Durham investigation indicates a coordinated effort by the Clinton campaign to disseminate false allegations against Donald Trump to win the 2016 election. %%EOF Please be advised that another request for this same information is now the subject of litigation. On the first page of his report he stated that "[w]hile the present state of things is allowed to last, the actual inhabitants of these Provinces have no security for person or propertyno enjoyment of what they possessno stimulus to industry. Durham's investigation is still active and is presenting evidence to a grand jury. This report has been prepared to satisfy Section 11 of Ontario Regulation (O. "'The Foundations of Freedom and Civilization': The Durham Report, Municipal Institutions and Liberalism. Report: 1. In addition to exploiting the public and non-public data held by Internet Company-2 and Internet Company-3, Joffe tasked Lorenzen and two Georgia Tech computer researchersManos Antonakakis and David Dagonto search through Neustars Internet data for any information about Trumps potential ties to Russia.REF Joffes goal, according to Durham, was to support an inference and narrative regarding Trump that would please certain VIPs., From the beginning, Antonakakis was dubious about the alleged connection between the Trump organization and Russia. iHOA]/]uK9bXqAn.SoE'6r1)7dfaoN:1 W196>K c+X0 > stream <>/Metadata 531 0 R/ViewerPreferences 532 0 R>> Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General. like this one. For print-disabled users. [6] Much more important was the impact on Anglophone Canada, where led by Joseph Howe, Robert Baldwin, and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine it produced dramatic reforms.[7]. Hillary for America. 0000005874 00000 n The report did not see any of its recommendations come into force in the African and Asian colonies, but some limited democratic reforms in India became possible that otherwise would not have been. 0000004883 00000 n This Legal Memorandum is an effort to unravel the joint venture and place each of the parties to Clintons disinformation campaign into the proper context. After the Upper and Lower Canada rebellions of 1837, Lord Durham was sent from England to investigate the cause of the unrest. Lorenzen began carefully keeping logs of the Trump servers DNS [domain name system] activity and circulated the data in periodic batches to colleagues in the cybersecurity world.REF Lorenzens datareferred to by Durham as the Russian Bank Datapurported to show the existence of a secret channel of communications between the Trump Organization and Alfa-Bank.REF One of the colleagues Lorenzen provided the Internet data to was Rodney Joffe.REF, Rodney Joffe (Neustar, Inc.). Opposition research is the collection of information on the background, activities, etc., of ones opponent or opponents in an effort to uncover damaging details that will undermine them.REF, Fusion GPS utilized the $1 million paid to it to hire several sub-vendors to research alleged ties between Trump and Russia.REF Fusion GPSs sub-vendors included Nellie Ohr (the wife of Bruce Ohr, a career Justice Department official who served as a conduit to provide certain Steele Dossier reports to the FBI); Edward Baumgartner (a Russia researcher based in London); and Graham Stack (a freelance journalist).REF The most notable opposition research generated by Fusion GPS was through its sub-vendor Christopher Steelethe so-called Steele Dossier.REF. Choose the drop down menus to view archived documents. 681 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 684 /H [ 1907 628 ] /L 235723 /E 128735 /N 8 /T 221984 >> endobj xref 681 53 0000000016 00000 n It was his opinion that those problems could be solved through the assimilation that he would expect to result from the way he recommends uniting the Canadas, factoring in the Anglophone majority in Upper Canada. "The influence of the Durham Report." Durham report proves Hillary Clinton not Trump was Putin's puppet By Rebekah Koffler February 17, 2022 5:24pm Updated Vladimir Putin's endgame of destabilizing Washington got a boost from. He believed the British Parliament should give the colonies more power by a responsible government. DurhamExecutiveSummary.pdf View Embed Download From: Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General 08/03/2021 Subject: Acknowledgement Letter (8.2.21).pdf Portal Attached is correspondence from the Department of Justice's Office of Information Policy, which is associated with the above-referenced Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request. In July, Dolan gifted Clintons autobiography to Galkina, inscribing it with To my good friend [Olga], A Great Democrat.REF Galkina apparently harbored ambitions to move to the U.S. if Clinton won the election. hAk0a(NHpvYJ'!3CE=}3s`. "X $d,r\oor%]wz]r= Vo Dq/ I would prefer the request filled electronically, by e-mail attachment if available or CD-ROM if not. A lock ( According to Durham, the French culture in Canada had changed little in 200 years and showed no sign of the progress that British culture had made. download 1 file . Days after the 2016 election, Joffe stated in an e-mail that he was tentatively offered the top [cybersecurity] job by the Democrats when it looked like theyd win. 0000011232 00000 n According to Durhams indictment of Igor Danchenko, Dolan was connected to the most sordid allegation in the Steele Dossierthat in 2013, Trump had engaged in salacious sexual activity while a guest in the presidential suite at the Moscow Ritz-Carlton hotel.REF, At the time, Dolan was employed by KGlobal, a Washington, D.C.based public relations firm.REF Prior to that, Dolan held several senior roles in Democratic political circles, including as the state chairman for President Bill Clintons 1992 and 1996 presidential campaigns, adviser to Hillary Clintons 2008 campaign, and a volunteer for her 2016 campaign.REF As a public relations executive, Dolan interacted with senior officials in the Russian government, including the press secretary of the Russian Presidential Administration, as well as the Russian ambassador to the United States.REF, In June 2016, Dolan traveled to Moscow and stayed at the Ritz-Carlton. In this season of internal change and leadership development, CAN continued to . Lord Durham's report on the affairs of British North America; by Durham, John George Lambton, Earl of, 1792-1840; Lucas, Charles Prestwood, Sir, 1853-1931. Wider comparative analysis of 2021 published data 8 Chart 4 - Variation of gender pay gap data regionally (North East Councils)9 5. ", Martin, Ged. In the long run, it advanced democracy and played a central role in the evolution of Canada's political independence from Britain.[3]. The Steele Dossier paints a picture of a highly placed source in the Trump campaign relating inside information regarding Manaforts resignation as campaign manager and former campaign manager Corey Lewandowskis dislike for Manafort.REF Dolan informed Danchenko that he received the inside information about Manafort and Lewandowski over drinks with a GOP friend of mine.REF In fact, Dolan had never met with a GOP friend but rather obtained the information about [Manafort] from public news sources.REF. Thank you,-----------------------------------------Initial Request StaffOffice of Information PolicyU.S. According to Durham, the core allegation of the Steele Dossierthat an extensive conspiracy existed between the Trump campaign and the Kremlinwas invented out of whole cloth by former Brookings Institution policy analyst Igor Danchenko, a Russian national on Steeles payroll. In Upper Canada it was rejected by the dominant Tory elite, while out-of-power reformers welcomed the ideal of responsible government. I would not impair a single prerogative of the Crown; on the contrary, I believe that the interests of the people of these Colonies require the protection of prerogatives, which have not hitherto been exercised. 0000008542 00000 n Room B-103 In Upper Canada and Lower Canada, he formed numerous committees with essentially all the opponents of the Patriotes and made numerous personal observations on life in the colonies. [5], "The French complained of the arrogance and injustice of the English; the English accused the French of the vices of a weak and conquered people, and charged them with meanness and perfidy. The assertion that the so-called "French" Canadians had no history and no culture and that the conflict was primarily that of two ethnic groups evidently outraged Papineau. However, Durham believed that the problems in mostly Lower Canada were not of a political nature, but rather of an ethnic one. ( NewsNation Now) A court filing submitted late last week by John Durham, the special counsel investigating the origins of the Trump-Russia probe, has been creating buzz in Washington over the last few days, especially among conservatives. This led to the Act of Union, 1840. Although I hadexpected Mr.Durham to complete his work by the summer of2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as additional information he uncovered . As Fusion GPS began to receive Christopher Steeles salacious and unverified (in the words of former FBI Director James Comey) reports, it endeavored to widely disseminate the reports to journalists in the hope that the content of the reports would be published.REF. 2 provocativelyand misleadingly1describes for the first time Domain Name System ("DNS") traffic potentially associated with former Presid ent Donald Trump, including data at the Executive Office of the President ("EOP"), that was alle gedly presented to Agency-2 in February 2017. Durham arrived in Quebec City on 29 May. 0000003387 00000 n He believed as those ideas were already available to the people and understood, nothing less would be accepted or tolerated and so it must be embraced to satisfy the people and maintain the peace: "establishing a representative government in the North American Colonies. Learn more. Durham report pdf 2021. (alterations in original) (quoting Wheat, 486 U.S. at 161). "The Reception of the Durham Report in Canada.". Among the key takeaways from the Durham investigation: The Durham investigation has seemingly uncovered a coordinated effort by Hillary for America; the Perkins Coie law firm (a Washington, D.C.-based law firm that was retained by Hillary for America to represent the campaign during the 2016 election); strategic intelligence firm Fusion GPS; former British spy Christopher Steele of Orbis Business Intelligence; and various computer researchers based in Virginia, Rhode Island, and at Georgia Tech to generate false, misleading, and sometimes sensational allegations against then-candidate Donald Trump in an effort to win the 2016 presidential election. The indictment states that Sussmann met with Baker at FBI headquarters on September 19, 2016 (less than two months before the presidential election), and presented him with data files and three white papers purporting to show a secret channel of communications between Internet servers belonging to the Trump organization and Alfa-Bank.REF (It turns out that the Internet server in question did not belong to the Trump organization, but rather had been administered by a mass marketing email company that sent advertisements for Trump hotels and hundreds of other clients.)REF, During his meeting with Baker, Sussmann allegedly told Baker that he (Sussmann) was not acting on behalf of any client, which led Baker to believe that Sussmann was acting as a good citizennot as a paid advocate or political operative.REF The indictment further alleges Sussmann was, in fact, acting on behalf of two clientsHillary for America and Rodney Joffe, an executive at Neustar, Inc., a Virginia-based Internet company.REF. Durham Region Transit Commission, Conservation Authorities, Durham Regional Local Housing Corporation, and other Outside Agencies to guide the development of detailed 2022 Business Plans and Budgets. When providing information to Members of Congress after the fact, officials were careful to say that the intelligence community does not know the accuracy of this allegation or the extent to which the Russian intelligence analysis may reflect exaggeration or fabrication.REF Still, former CIA Director John Brennan briefed President Barack Obama on this intelligence. HtTn0+xt!| * Vz-[MTr(-^Cgv/7E~;/}*~M&4*(D "MMa)\4bL!%p%@ PDF Download. By the end of August 2016, Antonakakis raised concerns that the Internet traffic data being mined by the researchers did not implicate Trump in any wrongdoing, would not stand up to public scrutiny, and was clouded by their own bias. endobj His team drew upon a long tradition of petitioning and the example of political activism in Britain.

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